Underwriters Laboratory (UL) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) have published safety standards for rms current levels for periodic pulse trains--standards that are directly applicable to devices like Sticky Shocker. UL limits for ventricular fibrillation have a built-in safety margin of 2x to 5x, based on a 2-year-old child, while the IEC limits relate to the probability of introducing fibrillation in 50 percent of the population. Measured rms current levels for various commercial stun guns and Sticky Shocker, as shown in the figure below, demonstrate they have a safety margin of at least 100x. Basically, the short-pulse duration of the devices explains why they have little effect on heart functioning (the heart has a much longer pulse).

To compare the blunt force of the Sticky Shocker^® projectile to that of other nonlethal weapons in use, we measured the impact force and impulse of a sample of weapons using a hydraulic load cell. Data indicate that the Sticky Shocker^® has less than 70 percent the impact of the K01 round, has a slightly larger impact than the MK Flex Baton^TM (which is a shotgun bean bag), and is mid-range for the impacts associated with various batons. Consequently, with respect to impact trauma, Sticky Shocker^® is as safe as other nonlethal weapons in present use.